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Energy Flows Through The Ecosystem

1. How does light and nutrients affect productivity in the oceans?
- They use solar energy to produce organic plan materials through photo synthesis.

2. What factors affect the ability of an ecosystem to support multiple trophic levels.
- Amount of energy
- Predators
- Energy Loss

3. Describe the process bioaccumulation an describe the DOT example.
- caused predators to lay thin egg shells.

Nine , Major Animals Phyla

1- List all nine major animals phyla and an example image of animals in the phyla.

phylum porifera, phylum coelenteral, phylum platyhelminthes, phylum nematoda, phylum annelida, phylum arthropoda, phylum Mollusca, Phylum echinoder, phylum chordata.

2- What types of habitat can the species be found?

Marine (salt water) terrestrial( land) , fresh and saltwater

3- How does the species digest food?

the digestive system is incomplete which means that coelenterates have just one opening to the digestive cavity.

What are Cartilaginous Fish?

1.What makes cartilaginous fish different from other fish? Give examples

One of them is ‘Class Chondrichthyes’, which includes sharks, rays and chimeras. This class of fish is also known as ‘cartilaginous’ fish because they have skeletons made of cartilage. The other class is ‘Class Osteichthyes’, which gave rise to the modern day bony fish, also called ‘teleost’, and their primitive relatives such as the sturgeon.  Although the two groups once shared a common ancestor, there are several major biological differences between them.

2.List examples of cartilaginous fish.

Bony fish
Shark 

3.What’s special about a shark’s eye?

Shark species have eyelids and some can even protect their eye with a tough third eyelid called a nictating membrane.  Other species, like the great white shark, have muscles that can roll the eye back into the socket for protection.  Bony fish lack eyelids or the ability to protect their eyes.

4.What are the differences between bony fish and cartilaginous fish:

a.Heart and blood

b.External features

c.Digesting and evacuation

More about Cartilaginous.

1. Explain how cartilaginous and bony fish regulate the salt found in water?

By Osmoregulation cartilaginous and bony fish control the levels of water and mineral salts in the blood. Bony fish deal with this uneven concentration by drinking a lot of seawater to stay hydrated and excreting the concentrated salts through the gills and gut.  Sharks have evolved the ability to reabsorb the urea created by the breakdown of protein back into their tissue which helps level out the concentration differences so they do not lose as much water. 


2. What are some key differences in LIFE HISTORYs between cartilaginous and bony fish?

The difference in these two strategies magnify why sharks and bony fish need to be managed in different ways.  Bony fish on the fast track have the ability to replace itself in a population quickly but all of the characteristics listed above mean sharks take a lot longer.

3. Describe how shark reproduce.
All shark reproduction is internal.  Male sharks have mixoptyerigia, or pelvic claspers, an extension of the cartilaginous skeleton that serve as the sperm conducting structure for internal fertilization.  

Marine Anthropoids

1-What are examples of marine arthropods?

The sub-phylum Crustacean, the class merostomata, cleaner shrimp, hermit crab

2- What's the different between an anthropoids skeleton and a human?

Anthropoids is made of a tough substance called chitin, the muscles of an anthropoids are connected to inside of the exoskeleton because the animals lacks a internal skeleton of any type.

3- Compare and Contrast how anthropoids  and humans move blood in their circulatory systems?

Open circulatory its what is called and this means that unlike many other kinds of animals they have no arteries veins or capillaries to carry blood. instead blood is pumped.

4- How do the eyes of anthropoids differ from your eyes?

Each eye is composed of many smaller light-sensitive organs, called ommatidia, together, these ommatidia form a single working eye.

5- How do humans use marine anthropoids?

We mainly use for food.

Marines Science Words of Wisdom.

Grey whale mothers nurse their babies for 6-8 months giving them rich milk which allows them to

quickly gain the blubber they will need in colder waters. However, the mother barely eats during that

time and loses 1/3 of her body weight. She is near exhaustion by the time she and her calf begin their

10,000 mile migration to the Bering Sea.

Life lesson from a gray whale: Your parents love you very much, want the best for you always, and will do just about anything to make sure you are successful!!

End of the line, Pt 2 - Movie -

BIG QUESTION: Why should we humans be concerned about overfishing?
Because we're unbalancing marine life.

1. What are the "Big Five" fish we eat all the time?


Atlantic Salmon (organic farmed)
Atlantic Halibut (onshore farmed)
Coley or Saithe (NE Arctic)
Dab (otter trawl or seine net)
Herring (MSC certified)
Mussel
Pouting or Bib


2. What is a reason for not eating sharks or other deep water fish?


They may also be recovering from previous
over exploitation, species with relatively low resilience to
modern fishing methods, or fish from farming systems
that need to improve some of their practices.


3. What are some "fish to eat" occasionally and "fish to avoid"?

Fish to eat:


Alaska or Walleye Pollock
Anchovy
Arctic char
Bream
Gilthead


Fish to eat only occasionally:


Flounder
Grey mullet
Gurnard
Haddock
Hake
Halibut
Herring or Sild
Mackerel
Marlin
Monkfish (Anglerfish)


Fish to avoid:


Prawn (King and Tiger)
Red Mullet
Salmon
Sardine or Pilchard
Scampi or Langoustine
Seabass
Shark & Dogfish (rock salmon)
Skate and Rays
Sole (Dover/Common)

Animal Habitat Structure.

1. How does eelgrass density influence abundance of species in an ecosystem?



Eel grass is an important habitat and today eel grass its habitat and beds for a lot animals. they act as a nursery, habitat and feeding ground for many fish, waterfowl and invertebrates.

2. Find web sites to support your hypothesis, and include wed site addresses.
buzzarasbay.org/eelgrass.html

Animal Habitats of San Diego Bay

1. San Diego is... (location, size, fact)
 -San diego is located on the coast of the pacific ocean in southern california. With a population of 1,326,179 and is the 8th largest city in the united states

2. What type of activities occur on the bay?
-There is navy ships and ship ports

3. How and where on the bay is salt made?
-Salt is made through evaporation and on the edge of chula vista.

4. Where is the SD national wild life refuge complex located?
-In South San Diego in the largest mud flats.

Thermal Characteristics Of Water

Thermal Characteristics Of Water

1. Are heat and temperature same or different?
They are different. Temperature is the measurement of kinetic energy. Heat is total energy

2. What is the heat capacity?

The number of heat units needed to raise the temperature of a body by one degree.

3. How is the capacity of water unique?
It is like a sponge. It is how much heat an object can absorb before it increases in temperature.

4. How does water temperature affect its density?
The warmer the water the less dense. The cooler the denser.

Energy Flows Though Ecosystems.

Energy Flows Though Ecosystems.

1. Examples of primary producers are, and how to they get their energy?

Plants, algae, and some bacteria use solar energy to produce organic plant material through photosynthesis. 

2. The second trophic level is made up of what creatures, and from where do they get their energy?

Herbivores—animals that feed solely on plants—make up the second trophic level. 

3. Why do predators make up the third trophic level?

Because predators eat herbivores and they comprise the third trophic level.

Surface Water and Global Temperatures

Surface Water and Global Temperatures

1- Thermal Inertia: San Francisco and NorfolK, Virginia area are the same Latitude, Why would you NV compare to SF, have warmer summers and cooler winters?

About half of this light reaches the surface, where it is converted to heat, then transferred into the atmosphere by conduction, radiation, and evaporation. the atmosphere, like the land and ocean, eventually radiates the heat back into space in the form of long wave (infrared ) radiation.




2- Describe the different ways temperatures are "moderated" on Earth without moderate temperatures, Earth could not support life as we know it.

Water takes much longer than air to heat up and also longer to cool because it has much higher specific heat. thus, on hot days, water (oceans, lakes and rivers) absorb heat, keeping the air something cooler. when the air gets cool, however water slowly releases heat to the atmosphere raising air temperatures. this is why temperatures along coast lines are cooler in summer and warmer in winter relative to inland areas. temperature varies.

The Chemistry of Water.

1. Describe how water molecules are bonded.

 In water, each hydrogen nucleus is bound to the central oxygen atom by a pair of electrons that are shared between them; chemists call this shared electron pair a covalent chemical bond. 







2. Describe how the positive and negative charges of water are distributed.

The H2O molecule is electrically neutral but the positive and negative chargers are not distributed uniformly. the electronic (negative) charge is concentrated at the oxygen end of the molecule.

3. Describe the chemistry of water that allows an insect to walk on water.

The water strider takes advantage of the fact that the water surface acts like an elastic film that resists deformation when a small weight is place on it.

 

4. What is unique about water and its density?

The distinction between molecules located at the surface and those deep inside is especially prominent  H2O owning to the strong hydrogen-bonding forces.

Sediment Cores & History.

1. Who is the author, and what is she researching?

       The Author is Alyson Santoro, and is a post doctoral researcher at Woods Hole oceanographic Institution, writes from off the coast of chile where she is studying microbes in the nitrogen cycle.

2. What technique did the researcher using that is especially good at recovering delicate sediments? 

       They use Multicoreing is especially good at recovering sediment samples 

3. What happens to the samples after it is located onto the ship?

        The look closely at the multibeam sonar images to find a relatively flat area of the bottom where the coring device an land.

4. What is the name of research vessel?

 The name of research vessel is Mellvie.

 

Essential Questions Economic Importance of Marine Sediments

1- What are some products that come from sediments?

Well... some products are building materials for roads and structures, toothpaste, paint, swimming pool filters and others.
2- How much of the world's energy comes from sediments?

About 36 % of the world's crude oil and 28 % of its natural gas will be extracted from sedimentary deposits of continental shelves and continental rises. Off shore drilling of hydrocarbons currently generates > $125 billion dollars.

3- How important is sand and gravel?

It's too important , because 1/3 of world's oil and gas reserve come from deposits within the sediments of continental margins. in addition to oil and gas sand and gravel valued at more than $510 million. this is about 1 % of world needs.

Reflection Mid-Term GoAnimate.

Well... I really think that we learned a lot, because in my case I didn't know how to use this program. After the demonstration that Mr. Blass gave us, I learned more than I know. I'll definitely practice more in the future to more easily use Go Animate.

The four types of Marine Sediments.

1. How are each type of marine sediments created?

Lithogenous- derived from land.

Biogenous- derived from organisms.

Hydrogenous- derived from water.

Cosmogenous- derived from outer space.


2. Lithogenous- produced by weathering, breaking of rocks into smaller pieces.
    Biogenous- visible to naked eye, shells, bones.

    Hydrogenous- Minerals precipate directly from seawater, (phosphates, carbonates, metal sulfides.

   Cosmogenous- macroscopic meteor debris, microscopic iron , nickel and silicate spherules, (small globular masses).

Sediments Video.

Essential Questions: Island arcs and oceans trenches.

1- How and where do ocean trenches form?

Theses trenches form at convergent plate boundaries when one plate is subducted beneath another.

2- Describe an island arc?
Curving chains of volcanic islands and sea mounts are almost always found parallel to the concave edges of trenches.

3- what's the deepest trench in the world?

Mariana trench of the western pacific, where the ocean bottom is 11, 022 meters.

4- what trench does Japan lay next to?

Kuril- Japan Trench.

5- Why do islands arcs, ARC?(why aren't they a straight line?

Because they are formed by tectonic and volcanic activity associated with subduction.

Abyssal Plains & Hills

Abyssal Plains & Hills

• Define Abyssal Plains (AP)

Abyssal Plains is an underwater plain on the deep ocean floor

• Describe where AP are found

AP are found at depths between 3000 and 6000 m. Lying generally between the foot of a continental rise and a mid-ocean ridge, 

• Describe its features

* The continental shelf.  
* The extreme depth is obviously the first, but this area is also very flat, with an extremely gentle slope. 
* The flat plain is covered in millions of years o                          f sediment washed from the continents and deposited by various sea creatures. 

• How much of the earth do AP make up?

Abyssal Plains make up most of the seafloor in terms of square kilometers.

Adaptations of sea cave creatures.

1- What are some typical adaptations for these animals and why?

Some typical adaptations are lack of pigmetion reduction in the size of eyes or absence for eyes together. development of sensory mechanisms that do not depend on light for detecting food or predators.


2- why is oxygen not plentiful in caves and how do creatures deal with lack of oxygen?

Because some of these adaptations reduce for need of oxygen. This is because cinchialine  caves for coastal caves flooded with seawater tent to be oxygen- depleted, because there is no photosynthesis and very limited water circulation in the caves.

3- why do adaptations occur?

Because it happen as random events, the organism is more likely to survive and reproduce than other organism with these same adaptations.

Resourses: 

www.relativelyinteresting.com 

Hydrothermal Vents Essential Questions

1. 
   What exactly was described as "the biggest biological discovery on Earth?

They  detected a dramatic change in the temperature, the hydrothermal vents, 760 degrees and not sunlight, species with no eyes.

Where in the oceans was the discovery made?

Pacific Ocean 


What was “interesting” about Tube Worms?

The interesting thing about worms its that they can live in a contaminating water, and they are adapted and if you were cutting them , they blood.
How are species able to survive without sunlight? (What’s the process, if it’s not photosynthesis)

Some microorganisms are chemolithotrophs. It means they gain energy by oxidizing inorganic matter.


Where on Earth are hydrothermal vents located?

Hydrothermal vents are commonly found near volcanically active places, areas where tectonic plates are moving apart, ocean basins, and hotspots. Hydrothermal vents exist because the earth is both geologically active and has large amounts of water on its surface and within its crust.

Describe the theory of how life on Earth may have began at hydrothermal vents?

Animals are similar to humans in some kind of way. Hydrothermal vents can be the conditions necessary for life.

Essential Questions

• 1. NOAA: who are they, and what do they do?

NOAA stands for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. NOAA scientists study the skies and the oceans. They also protects the coasts and beaches to make sure the sand and water are clean.

• 1. The intensity of a sonar echo tells scientists what?

The intensity of a sonar echo tells scientists that they can have detailed structure of the sand.

• 1. How does an R.O.V. assist scientists?

This robot help scientists to have a sound and also ultrasound of underwater. The ROV was designed for aquatic work environments.

• 1. Why are these studies important to society?

Is too important because they can find important data and how the oceans works.

Essential Question.

• Bathymetry: what is it (define the word)? What’s the difference between a bathymetric map and a topographic map

Bathymetry is the measurement of the depth of water in oceans, rivers, or lakes. The difference between a bathymetric map and a topographic map is that bathymetric maps connect points of equal depth and topographic map, the lines connect points of equalelevation.

• How did Oceanographers map the ocean floor in the past, and what were the results?

In the past, scientists would conduct bathymetric measurements by throwing a heavy rope over the side of a ship and recording the length of rope it took to reach the seafloor. To get a clear picture of the seafloor, scientists would have had to take thousands of rope measurements. 

• How do oceanographers map the oceans now, and how accurate and effective is this method?

Now, oceanographers map the oceans use  echo sounders to make bathymetric measurements. An echo sounder sends out a sound pulse from a ship’s hull, or bottom, to the ocean floor. An echo sounder is able to measure a small area of the seafloor. However, the accuracy of these measurements is still limited. 

• Why are multibeam echo sounders so effective?

Multibeam echo sounders are so effective because they can also provide information about the physical characteristics of a seafloor feature.

• What’s an example of an underwater discovery that was made possible by multibeam echo sounders?

For example, thousands of seamounts were discovered in the central Pacific Ocean, near the U.S. state of Hawaii.

• Why do oceanographers map the oceans below the surface? Why is this important to society?

Because their bathymetric measurements support safe navigation and protect marine environments around the globe. 

Video for more Info ;)

Mid - Term Exam Reflection.

I think that as a test - taker, I need to improve my read and compression. For example some questions confuse me, I really understood the question but the answers doesn't help to answer the question. Questions as 15, 25, 30 and 16, was one of those questions that confuse me, when I try to answer them. Also question #12, I was right but some mechanical problem with the machine. I hope in the future do better.