Essential Question.

• Bathymetry: what is it (define the word)? What’s the difference between a bathymetric map and a topographic map

Bathymetry is the measurement of the depth of water in oceans, rivers, or lakes. The difference between a bathymetric map and a topographic map is that bathymetric maps connect points of equal depth and topographic map, the lines connect points of equalelevation.

• How did Oceanographers map the ocean floor in the past, and what were the results?

In the past, scientists would conduct bathymetric measurements by throwing a heavy rope over the side of a ship and recording the length of rope it took to reach the seafloor. To get a clear picture of the seafloor, scientists would have had to take thousands of rope measurements. 

• How do oceanographers map the oceans now, and how accurate and effective is this method?

Now, oceanographers map the oceans use  echo sounders to make bathymetric measurements. An echo sounder sends out a sound pulse from a ship’s hull, or bottom, to the ocean floor. An echo sounder is able to measure a small area of the seafloor. However, the accuracy of these measurements is still limited. 

• Why are multibeam echo sounders so effective?

Multibeam echo sounders are so effective because they can also provide information about the physical characteristics of a seafloor feature.

• What’s an example of an underwater discovery that was made possible by multibeam echo sounders?

For example, thousands of seamounts were discovered in the central Pacific Ocean, near the U.S. state of Hawaii.

• Why do oceanographers map the oceans below the surface? Why is this important to society?

Because their bathymetric measurements support safe navigation and protect marine environments around the globe. 

Video for more Info ;)

Mid - Term Exam Reflection.

I think that as a test - taker, I need to improve my read and compression. For example some questions confuse me, I really understood the question but the answers doesn't help to answer the question. Questions as 15, 25, 30 and 16, was one of those questions that confuse me, when I try to answer them. Also question #12, I was right but some mechanical problem with the machine. I hope in the future do better.

Uniformitarianism or Catastrophism.

Ludim Bello.

Adrian Cervantes.

Carlos Reyes.

Marine Science.

Uniformitarianism or Catastrophism.

Uniformitarianism  is the belief or principle that the past history of the earth and its inhabitants is best interpreted in terms of what is known about the present.  Uniformitarianism explains the past by appealing to known laws and principles acting in a gradual, uniform way through past ages. In the mid-seventeenth century, biblical scholar and Archbishop James Ussher determined that the earth had been created in the year 4004 BCE. Just over a century later James Hutton, known as the father of geology, suggested that the earth was much older and that processes occurring in the present were the same processes that had operated in the past, and would be the processes that operate in the future.

Catastrophism is the theory that the Earth has been affected in the past by sudden, short-lived, violent events, possibly worldwide in scope. Catastrophism developed in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries when tradition and even the law forced scientists to use the Bible as a scientific document. Theologians (religious scholars) of the time believed Earth was only about 6,000 years old (current scientific research estimates Earth to be 4.5 billion years old). Based on this thinking and the supernatural events described in the book of Genesis in the Bible, geologists concluded that fossils of ocean-dwelling organisms were found on mountain tops because of Noah's flood. The receding flood waters also carved valleys, pooled in lakes, and deposited huge boulders far from their sources.

Jonathan & Julie Questions :D

Hi guys.... I hope you're be doing very well on the ship, I have some questions for you guys ;)

1. Which activity that has been doing is most interesting for you and why?

2. How many people are there on the ship? (Approx)

3. Are you work in groups? What is the work of each person?

That's all for now n.n.... See you later guys :D take care :)

Cruise Questios for Jonathan & Julie.

Hey guys I hope you get a lot of fun on the ship :) ...

Well.. these are my 3 Questios for you both guys.

1. What kind of people are in the ship?

2. How is your bedroom?

3. What kind of clothes you wear there?

Well.. guys I hope  you can respond my questions ;) Get fun, take care, see you later :)

Spaces and Distances.

Geologic Events.

Ludim Bello

Marine Science

Per 3

1. What were three major geologic events in history of the Earth?

•  One of the geologic events are when Earth formed about 4.54 billion years ago by accretion from the solar nebula, a disk-shaped mass of dust and gas left over from the formation of the Sun, which also created the rest of the Solar System.
• Then during Early Proterozoic 600 to 2.5 billion years ago mya Oxygen build-up on Earth. It was the first multi-cellular life.
•  Finally 65.5 mya: when a Meteor impact, 170 km crater in Chicxulub, Yucatan, Mexico - Mass extinction of 80-90% of marine species and 85% of land species, including the dinosaurs.

2. How many Eras, Eons ( periods or epochs) are there? 

 There are 4 Eras, 6 Eons, 16 periods or epochs.

3. What do you think are the differences between Eras and Eons?

The differences between Eras and Eons are that Eras is the second largest unit in the timeline and explain the basics of the geological changes on the Earth and Eons explains the basics of the geological changes of life on the Earth. 

4. Why did scientist create Eras and Eons in the first place? 

Because by this way the can predict how old is our Earth, and what suppose happen in those days.